Bindings expressions reference

Here you can find the reference for the bindings expressions that you can add to the bindings of your nodes, render passes, material types, styles, and state managers. See Rendering, Material types and materials, Using styles and State manager.

Blue type marks the properties that are controlled by a binding.

When you create a binding for a property, the value that comes from that binding overrides the value that you set for that property in the Properties.

When creating bindings, keep in mind that:

• Only bindings to similar data types are valid. For example, you can bind only color to color, vector2 to vector2, and so on. See Type casting.

• Binding takes the value of the last expression, whether it is an assignment, unary or binary operation, or just a constant value or variable itself.

• In bindings you can cast strings between the four fundamental types: integer, float, boolean, and string.

  Casts between integer, float, and boolean are implicit and depend on the type of the property that uses the value. Casts to and from string are explicit.

See Using bindings and Troubleshooting bindings.

Syntax

# (comments)

Use a hash at the beginning of every line that contains a comment. You can use any sequence of characters in comments.

# This is a comment, so you can describe your binding expressions
# Calculate the value of A
A = (2 + 4) / 3

() (parentheses)

Use parentheses to group and contain expressions and parameters, and control the order of execution.

# Containing expressions: calculate the modulo of two values
MOD(23, 27)

# Grouping expressions: first add 2 and 4, then divide the result by 3,
# and return 2
A = (2 + 4) / 3

# First add the FOV property to the Render Transformation Scale X property field,
# then divide the result of the multiplication by 2
({../Camera/Fov} + {../Box/RenderTransformation}.ScaleX) / 2

Operators

= (assign)

Assigns a value to a variable.

Syntax	var = value
Parameters	var any valid variable name value any supported variable value
Examples	# Assigns the value 2.0 to the variable 'A' A = 2.0 # Assigns the value 4.0 to the variable 'B' B = 4.0

? (conditional)

The conditional operator takes three input parameters. If the first parameter (condition) evaluates to true, the operator evaluates the second parameter (expression1) and returns its value. If the first parameter evaluates to false, the operator evaluates the third parameter (expression2) and returns its value.

Syntax	condition ? expression1 : expression2
Parameters	condition any expression that Kanzi can implicitly convert to boolean expression1 any expression expression2 any expression
Returns	the same type as parameters
Examples	# Returns the value of A. A = 2.0 B = 4.0 (A < B) ? A : B

Arithmetic operators

+ (addition)

Adds two or more values, or combines strings into one.

Syntax	value1 + value2
Parameters	value1 color, int, float, string, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: augend value2 color, int, float, string, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: addend
Returns	the same type as parameters, except if one of parameters is float, it returns float
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns 6.0 A + B

- (subtraction)

Subtracts the value of the second parameter from the value of the first parameter. As a negation operator, it returns the result equivalent to multiplying the value by -1.

Syntax	value1 - value2
Parameters	value1 color, int, float, string, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: minuend value2 color, int, float, string, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: subtrahend
Returns	the same type as parameters, except if one of parameters is float, it returns float
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns -2.0 A - B

* (multiplication)

Multiplies the values of parameters.

Syntax	value1 * value2
Parameters	value1 color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, Srt2D, Srt3D, or boolean: multiplicand value2 color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, Srt2D, Srt3D, or boolean: multiplier Note When you use the multiplication operator, keep in mind that: Only one of the parameters can be boolean. You can multiply Srt2D only by Matrix3, and Srt3D only by Matrix4.
Returns	the same type as parameters, except: If one of parameters is a float, it returns float. If one of parameters is boolean, it returns int, or float if at least one parameter is float. Multiplication of int and float returns float. Multiplication of vector and float returns vector. Multiplication of color and float returns color. Multiplication of SRT and matrix returns matrix.
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns 8.0 A * B

/ (division)

Divides the value of the first parameter by the value of the second parameter.

Syntax	value1 / value2
Parameters	value1 color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: dividend value2 color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: divisor Note Only one of the parameters can be boolean, but not both.
Returns	the same type as parameters, except: If one of parameters is a float, it returns float. If one of parameters is boolean, it returns int, or float if at least one parameter is float. Division of vector by float returns vector.
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns 0.5 A / B

Relational operators

== (equal)

Checks whether two values are equal.

Syntax	value1 == value2
Parameters	value1 int, float, boolean, string, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, Srt2D, Srt3D value2 the same type as value1, except if value1 is int or float, int or float
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns false A == B

!= (not equal)

Checks whether two values are not equal.

Syntax	value1 != value2
Parameters	value1 int, float, boolean, string, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, Srt2D, Srt3D value2 the same type as value1, except if value1 is int or float, int or float
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns true A != B

> (greater than)

Checks whether the value of the first parameter is larger than the value of the second parameter. For two strings checks whether the first string comes after the second string in alphabetical order.

Syntax	value1 > value2
Parameters	value1 int, float, string value2 if value2 is int or float: int or float if value2 is string: string
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns false A > B # Returns true "Rob Krar" > "Anna Frost"

< (less than)

Checks whether the value of the first parameter is smaller than the value of the second parameter. For two strings checks whether the first string comes before the second string in alphabetical order.

Syntax	value1 < value2
Parameters	value1 int, float, string value2 if value2 is int or float: int or float if value2 is string: string
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns true A < B # Returns false "Rob Krar" < "Anna Frost"

>= (greater than or equal to)

Checks whether the value of the first parameter is larger than or equal to the value of the second parameter.

Syntax	value1 >= value2
Parameters	value1 int, float, string value2 if value2 is int or float: int or float if value2 is string: string
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns false A >= B

<= (less than or equal to)

Checks whether the value of the first parameter is smaller than or equal to the value of the second parameter.

Syntax	value1 <= value2
Parameters	value1 int, float, string value2 if value2 is int or float: int or float if value2 is string: string
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns true A <= B

Logical operators

&& (logical AND)

Compares two expressions:

• If both expressions evaluate to true, returns true.

• If one or both expressions evaluate to false, returns false.

Syntax	expression1 && expression2
Parameters	expression1 a statement that returns a boolean value expression2 a statement that returns a boolean value
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns false A < B && B < 1

|| (logical OR)

Compares two expressions:

• If one or both expressions evaluate to true, returns true.

• If both expressions evaluate to false, returns false.

Syntax	expression1 || expression2
Parameters	expression1 a statement that returns a boolean value expression2 a statement that returns a boolean value
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns true A < B || B < 1

! (logical NOT)

Inverts the boolean value of an expression:

• If expression evaluates to false, returns true.

• If expression evaluates to true, returns, false.

Syntax	!(expression)
Parameters	expression a statement that returns a boolean value
Returns	boolean
Examples	A = 2.0 B = 4.0 # Returns true !(A > B)

Constants

Color4

Use the Color4() constant to bind color property fields. Color4() takes four parameters:

• The first specifies the value for the red color channel

• The second specifies the value for the green color channel

• The third specifies the value for the blue color channel

• The fourth specifies the value for the alpha channel.

Color values are mapped to the range 0..1.

See Color property bindings and Color functions.

Syntax	Color4(r, g, b, a)
Parameters	r 0...1 range: red color channel value g 0...1 range: green color channel value b 0...1 range: blue color channel value a 0...1 range: alpha channel value
Returns	Color
Examples	# Sets the color to white and opaque. Color4(1, 1, 1, 1) # Sets the color to white and opaque. Alternative syntax. Color(1, 1, 1, 1) # Sets the color to red with 70% transparency. Color4(1, 0, 0, 0.7) # Sets the color to red and opaque. Color4(1, 0, 0, 1) # Invalid expression, one argument is missing. Color4(0.1, 1, 0.4) # Converts the value of custom property MyFloatPropertyType to linear color # space and assigns the value to the red channel of a color property. color = GetCurrentValue() color.r = sRGBToLinear({@./MyFloatPropertyType}) color

Matrix3

Use the Matrix3() constant to create a 3x3 matrix.

Syntax	Matrix3(m0, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, m8)
Parameters	m0..m8 float: elements of a Matrix 3x3 property in column-major order
Returns	Matrix 3x3
Examples	# Creates a 3x3 identity matrix. Matrix3(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1) # Returns a 2D transformation with the Translation X and # Translation Y property fields set to 100: # Srt2D(1, 1, 0, 100, 100). ExtractSRT2D(Matrix3(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 100, 100, 1))

Matrix4

Use the Matrix4() constant to create a 4x4 matrix.

Syntax	Matrix4(m0, m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, m6, m7, m8, m9, m10, m11, m12, m13, m14, m15)
Parameters	m0..m15 float: elements of a Matrix 4x4 property in column-major order
Returns	Matrix 4x4
Examples	# Creates a 4x4 identity matrix. Matrix4(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1) # Returns a 3D transformation with the Rotation X # property field set to 90, and the Translation X and # Translation Y property fields set to 2: # Srt3D(1, 1, 1, 90, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0). ExtractSRT3D(Matrix4(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1))

Srt2D

Use the Srt2D() constant to apply transformation to a 2D node with the Render Transformation or Layout Transformation properties. In the Binding Editor set the Property to Layout Transformation or Render Transformation.

You can extract a 2D transformation from a 3x3 matrix. See ExtractSRT2D.

Syntax	Srt2D(scaleX, scaleY, rotation, translationX, translationY)
Parameters	scaleX int, float: the scale of the node on the x axis in percent scaleY int, float: the scale of the node on the y axis in percent rotation int, float: the rotation of the node in degrees translationX int, float: the translation of the node on the x axis in pixels translationY int, float: the translation of the node on the y axis in pixels
Returns	SRT Transformation 2D, calculated transformation for the scale, rotation, and translation of the bound 2D node
Examples	# Applies the transformation to the bound 2D node using the Layout Transformation # or Render Transformation property, depending on which of these properties you # set in the Binding Editor: # - Scales the node to 150% percent on both axes # - Rotates the node clockwise 90 degrees # - Translates the node 400 pixels on the x axis, and 60.5 pixels on the y axis. Srt2D(1.5, 1.5, 90.0, 400.0, 60.5)

Srt3D

Use the Srt3D() constant to apply transformation to a 3D node with the Render Transformation or Layout Transformation properties. In the Binding Editor set the Property to Layout Transformation or Render Transformation.

You can extract a 3D transformation from a 4x4 matrix. See ExtractSRT3D.

Syntax	Srt3D(scaleX, scaleY, scaleZ, rotationX, rotationY, rotationZ, translationX, translationY, translationZ)
Parameters	scaleX int, float: the scale of the node on the x axis in percent scaleY int, float: the scale of the node on the y axis in percent scaleZ int, float: the scale of the node on the z axis in percent rotationX int, float: the rotation of the node on the x axis in degrees rotationY int, float: the rotation of the node on the y axis in degrees rotationZ int, float: the rotation of the node on the z axis in degrees translationX int, float: the translation of the node on the x axis in device independent units translationY int, float: the translation of the node on the y axis in device independent units translationZ int, float: the translation of the node on the z axis in device independent units
Returns	SRT Transformation 3D, calculated transformation for the scale, rotation, and translation of the bound 3D node
Examples	# Applies the transformation to the bound 3D node using the Layout Transformation # or Render Transformation property, depending on which of these properties you # set in the Binding Editor: # - Scales the node to 70% on all axes # - Rotates the node counter-clockwise 30 degrees on the x axis, # 60 degrees on the y axis, and 30 degrees on the z axis # - Translates the node by 2.5 device-independent units on all axes Srt3D(0.7, 0.7, 0.7, -30.0, -60.0, -30.0, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5)

Vector2

Use the Vector2() constant to bind a vector property that has two property fields.

Syntax	Vector2(x, y)
Parameters	x float: value of the first property field of a Vector 2D property y float: value of the second property field of a Vector 2D property
Returns	Vector 2D
Examples	# In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 2D # data type. # For example, to set in the bound node the Horizontal Margin property: # - Left property field to 100 # - Right property field to 50 Vector2(100, 50)

Vector3

Use the Vector3() constant to bind a vector property that has three property fields.

Syntax	Vector3(x, y, z)
Parameters	x float: value of the first property field of a Vector 3D property y float: value of the second property field of a Vector 3D property z float: value of the third property field of a Vector 3D property
Returns	Vector 3D
Examples	# In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 3D # data type. # For example, to set in the bound Point Light node the Point Light Attenuation # property: # - Constant property field to 1.2 # - Linear property field to 0.01 # - Quadratic property field to 0.02 Vector3(1.2, 0.01, 0.02)

Vector4

Use the Vector4() constant to bind a vector property that has four property fields.

Syntax	Vector4(x, y, z, w)
Parameters	x float: value of the first property field of a Vector 4D property y float: value of the second property field of a Vector 4D property z float: value of the third property field of a Vector 4D property w float: value of the fourth property field of a Vector 4D property
Returns	Vector 4D
Examples	# In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 4D # data type. # For example, to set in the bound Pipeline State Render Pass the Scissor Area # property: # - X to 0.2 to set the horizontal offset of the area to 20% of the width of the # Viewport 2D # - Y to 0.1 to set the vertical offset of the area to 10% of the height of the # Viewport 2D # - Width to 0.6 to make the area 60% of the width of the Viewport 2D # - Height to 0.8 to make the area 80% of the height of the Viewport 2D Vector4(0.2, 0.1, 0.6, 0.8)

Type casting

BOOL

Converts a value to a boolean.

Casts between integer, float, and boolean are implicit and depend on the type of the property that uses the value. Casts to and from string are explicit.

Syntax	BOOL(value)
Parameters	value int, float, string
Returns	boolean
Examples	# Converts the boolean value "True" to integer 1, adds it to the integer 41, # and assigns the result to the variable A. Returns integer 42. A = 41 + BOOL("True")

Color4

Converts a value to a color. When converting from a float, sets the float value to the red, green, blue, and alpha channels of the color property.

See Color property bindings and Color functions.

Syntax	Color4(value)
Parameters	value float, Vector4
Returns	color
Examples	# Returns Color4(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5). # This expression is equivalent to: # color = Color4(0, 0, 0, 0) # color.r = 0.5 # color.g = 0.5 # color.b = 0.5 # color.a = 0.5 # sRGBToLinear(color) Color4(0.5) # Converts the value of the Text property in the Text Box 2D node to a float and # returns a color where each channel is set to the value of that float. Color4(FLOAT({@../Text Box 2D/TextConcept.Text})) # Converts the value of the MyVector4 property to a color. Color4({@../MyVector4})

FLOAT

Converts a value to a float.

Casts between integer, float, and boolean are implicit and depend on the type of the property that uses the value. Casts to and from string are explicit.

Syntax	FLOAT(value)
Parameters	value int, boolean, string
Returns	float
Examples	# Converts the string "5" to a float, adds it to the integer 5, # and assigns the result to the variable A. Returns float 10.000000. A = 5 + FLOAT("5") # Implicitly converts boolean value True to float, adds it to the float 5.1, # and assigns the result to the variable A. Returns float 6.1. B = 5.1 + True

INT

Converts a value to an integer.

Casts between integer, float, and boolean are implicit and depend on the type of the property that uses the value. Casts to and from string are explicit.

Syntax	INT(value)
Parameters	value float, boolean, string
Returns	integer
Examples	# Explicitly converts the string "5" to an integer, adds it to the integer 5, # and assigns the result to the variable A. Returns integer 10. A = 5 + INT("5") # Implicitly converts boolean value True to integer, adds it to the integer 5, # and assigns the result to the variable A. Returns integer 6. B = 5 + True # Explicitly converts float 5.5 to an integer, adds it to the integer and # assigns the result to the variable C. Returns integer 7. C = 2 + INT(5.5)

MATRIX3X3

Converts a 2D transformation to a 3x3 matrix.

Syntax	MATRIX3X3(srt2d)
Parameters	srt2d Srt2D
Returns	Matrix 3x3
Examples	# Converts the Render Transformation property value of a 2D node to a 3x3 matrix. MATRIX3X3({@./Node2D.RenderTransformation}) # Returns Matrix3(0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 0, 200, 50, 1). MATRIX3X3(Srt2D(1, 1, 90, 200, 50))

MATRIX4X4

Converts a 3D transformation to a 4x4 matrix.

Syntax	MATRIX4X4(srt3d)
Parameters	srt3d Srt3D
Returns	Matrix 4x4
Examples	# Converts the Render Transformation property value of a 3D node to a 4x4 matrix. MATRIX4X4({@./Node3D.RenderTransformation}) # Returns Matrix4(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1). MATRIX4X4(Srt3D(1, 1, 1, 90, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0))

STRING

Converts a value to a string.

Casts between integer, float, and boolean are implicit and depend on the type of the property that uses the value. Casts to and from string are explicit.

Syntax	STRING(value)
Parameters	value int, float, boolean
Returns	string
Examples	# Converts the integer 5 to a string, concatenates it to the string # "Five is written as ", and assigns the result to the variable B. # Returns string "Five is written as 5". A = "Five is written as " + STRING(5) # Converts the value of the variable A to a string, concatenates it # to the string "Number of fingers on two hands is ", and assigns the result # to the variable B. Returns string "Number of fingers on two hands is 10". A = 10 C = "Number of fingers on two hands is " + STRING(A) # Converts the value of the float property Float to a string rounded # to one decimal place. To show two decimal places replace 10 with 100, # to show three decimal places replace 10 with 1000, and so on. A = INT(FLOOR({@../Float})) B = INT(10*({@../Float} - A)) STRING(A) + "." + STRING(B)

Vector2

Converts a float to a vector property that has two property fields. Sets the float value to both property fields of the vector property.

Syntax	Vector2(float)
Parameters	float float
Returns	Vector 2D
Examples	# Returns Vector2(0.5, 0.5). Vector2(0.5) # In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 2D # data type. # For example, to set in the bound 2D node the Horizontal Margin property Left # and Right property fields to the value of the MyFloat property: Vector2({@../MyFloat})

Vector3

Converts a float to a vector property that has three property fields. Sets the float value to all property fields of the vector property.

Syntax	Vector3(float)
Parameters	float float
Returns	Vector 3D
Examples	# Returns Vector3(0.5, 0.5, 0.5). Vector3(0.5) # In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 3D # data type. # For example, to set in the bound Point Light node the Point Light Attenuation # property Constant, Linear, and Quadratic property fields to the value of the # MyFloat property: Vector3({@../MyFloat})

Vector4

Converts a value to a vector property that has four property fields. When converting from a float, sets the float value to all property fields of the vector property.

Syntax	Vector4(value)
Parameters	value float, Color
Returns	Vector 4D
Examples	# Returns Vector4(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5). Vector4(0.5) # In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 4D # data type. The binding sets all property fields of the bound property to the # value of the MyFloat property. Vector4({@../MyFloat}) # In the Binding Editor set the Property to a property that uses the Vector 4D # data type. The binding sets the bound property to the value of the Brush Color # property in the same node. Vector4({@./ColorBrush.Color})

Functions

Acquire

Gets a resource by looking up the resource ID that you pass to the Acquire function.

The resource ID must be in a resource dictionary of the node where you use the Acquire function, or one of its ascendant nodes:

• If the resource is not yet loaded into application memory, the Acquire function loads the resource.

• If the resource ID is not defined, the Acquire function returns an empty value.

See Using resource dictionaries.

For example, you can create a binding that gets the resource ID of a text resource from a data source, loads the text resource, and sets a Text Block node to show the content of that text resource. If you localize that text resource, the Text Block automatically shows the value of the resource for the current locale of the application. If you change the data in your data source, the binding function gets the resource, to which the resource ID points, and updates the text.

See Using a binding to load resources.

Syntax	Acquire(resourceID)
Parameters	resourceID string: defines a resource ID
Returns	Resource
Examples	# Gets a Single Texture with resource ID MyImage. # For example, to use MyImage Single Texture in an Image node # bind the Image property of that Image node to this expression. Acquire("MyImage") # Gets a text resource with a resource ID that you set in a custom property type # MyCustomProperty whose data type is Text. # For example, to show in a Text Block node the text to which the resource ID # in MyCustomProperty points, bind the Text property of that Text Block node # to this expression. Acquire({@./MyProject.MyCustomProperty}) # Gets a text resource with a resource ID that you set in a data object name # whose data type is string. # For example, to show in a Text Block node the text to which the resource ID # in name points, bind the Text property of that Text Block node to this # expression. Acquire({DataContext.item.name})

Animate

Binds a property value to a piecewise function that you define in an Animation Data item. See Using piecewise functions in bindings.

Animate takes two arguments: the property to which you are binding the Animation Data item, and the resource ID or kzb URL of the Animation Data item where you define the piecewise function that you want to use to set the value of the bound property.

When you use a resource ID, you have to place the Animation Data item to a resource dictionary where the node that contains the binding can access it. See Using resource dictionaries.

For example, you can use the Animate function to set the needle in a gauge to move faster between values 0 and 100 than it does for values larger than 100.

Syntax	Animate(property, "animationDataResource")
Parameters	property path and name of the property you want to use to move along the animation curve instead of time animationDataResource resource ID or kzb URL of the Animation Data item the animation curve of which you want to use to set the value of the bound property
Examples	# Uses the Speed property to move along the animation curve # of the Animation Data item with the resource ID Speed curve. Animate({@./Speed}, "Speed curve") # Uses the Speed property to move along the animation curve # of the Animation Data item with the kzb URL Speed curve. Animate({@./Speed}, "kzb://cluster/Animation Data/Speed curve")

Accessor functions

GetCurrentValue

Gets the current value of the property that you want to bind. Use this function to modify the value of the property that you bind.

Syntax	GetCurrentValue()
Returns	the current value of the target property
Examples	# Binds a property to half of the current value of that property. GetCurrentValue() * 0.5 # Binds a property field of the property, which you set as the target property # in the Binding Editor, to the Translation X property field of # the same property. # For example, to bind the Render Transformation Translation Y property field # of a node to the Render Transformation Translation X property field, in the # Binding Editor set the Property to Render Transformation # and Property Field to Translation Y. GetCurrentValue().TranslationX

GetField

Gets an element in a vector or matrix.

Syntax	GetField(matrix, index)
Parameters	matrix Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, or Matrix4 index int
Returns	float: the element in the vector or matrix
Examples	# Gets the value of the third element in the matrix: 2.0. myMatrix = Matrix3(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) GetField(myMatrix, 2) # Gets the value of the second element in the matrix: 1.0. myVector = Vector4(0, 1, 2, 3) GetField(myVector, 1)

SetField

Sets the value of an element in a vector or matrix.

Syntax	SetField(matrix, index, value)
Parameters	matrix Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, or Matrix4 index int: the index of the element whose value to set value float: the value to which to set the element
Examples	# Sets the value of the sixth element in the matrix to 0. # After the operation the value of the matrix is (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 6, 7, 8) myMatrix = Matrix3(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) SetField(myMatrix, 5, 0)

Math functions

ABS (absolute value)

Calculates the absolute value of a number or a variable. The absolute value of a number is always positive.

Syntax	ABS(value)
Parameters	value color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: number to compute
Returns	the same type as parameter
Examples	# Returns 5.2 ABS(-5.2)

CEIL (ceiling)

Calculates the closest integer value that is greater than or equal to the value of the parameter.

Syntax	CEIL(value)
Parameters	value color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: number to compute
Returns	the same type as parameter
Examples	# Returns 3.0 CEIL(2.06) # Returns 16.0 CEIL(15.92) # Returns -2 CEIL(-2.06)

CLAMP

Constrains a value to lie between two values. CLAMP returns the same value as MIN(MAX(value, low), high).

Syntax	CLAMP(low, high, value)
Parameters	low boolean, color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, or Vector4: the lower end of the range to constrain the value high the same type as low: the higher end of the range to constrain the value value the same type as low and high: the value to constrain
Returns	The same type as the low, high, and value parameters. Casts between integer, float, and boolean are implicit.
Examples	# Returns 1.0 CLAMP(1, 4, 0.5) # Returns 0.0 CLAMP(false, 1, -0.5) # Returns Vector2(1.0, 4.0) CLAMP(Vector2(1,2), Vector2(3,5), Vector2(0,4))

FLOOR

Calculates the closest integer value that is less than or equal to the value of the parameter.

Syntax	FLOOR(value)
Parameters	value color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: number to compute
Returns	the same type as parameter
Examples	# Returns 0.0 FLOOR(0.8) # Returns 1.0 FLOOR(1.5) # Returns 15.0 FLOOR(15.92)

MAX (maximum)

Determines the larger of the two values and returns the larger value.

Syntax	MAX(value1, value2)
Parameters	value1 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, or boolean: the first number to compare value2 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, or boolean: the second number to compare Note Only one of the parameters can be boolean, but not both.
Returns	the same type as parameters, float if one of parameters is float, otherwise int
Examples	# Returns 5 MAX(2, 5) # Returns -2.1 MAX(-10, -2.1)

MIN (minimum)

Determines the smaller of the two values and returns the smaller value.

Syntax	MIN(value1, value2)
Parameters	value1 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: the first number to compare value2 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, Matrix3, Matrix4, or boolean: the second number to compare Note Only one of the parameters can be boolean, but not both.
Returns	the same type as parameters, float if one of parameters is float, otherwise int
Examples	# Returns 2 MIN(2, 5) # Returns -10 MIN(-10, -2.1)

MOD (modulo)

Calculates the modulo that is the remainder when one number is divided by another using the mathematical modulo congruence function.

See REM (remainder).

Syntax	MOD(value1, value2)
Parameters	value1 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, or boolean: the first number to compare: dividend value2 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, or boolean: the first number to compare: divisor Note Only one of the parameters can be boolean, but not both.
Returns	the same type as parameters, float if one of parameters is float, otherwise int
Examples	# Returns 3 MOD(13, 5) # Returns 2 MOD(-13, 5)

POW (power)

Calculates exponential expressions. It is an efficient way for multiplying numbers by themselves.

Syntax	POW(n, e)
Parameters	n int, float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: base of the exponential expression e int, float, or boolean: power by which to raise the base
Returns	the same type as parameter n, except for int it returns float
Examples	# Is equivalent to 2*2*2*2*2 and returns 32 POW(2, 5)

REM (remainder)

Calculates the remainder when one number is divided by another rounded towards zero.

See MOD (modulo).

Syntax	REM(value1, value2)
Parameters	value1 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, or boolean: the first number to compare: dividend value2 int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4, or boolean: the first number to compare: divisor Note Only one of the parameters can be boolean, but not both.
Returns	the same type as parameters, float if one of parameters is float, otherwise int
Examples	# Returns 3 REM(13, 5) # Returns -3 REM(-13, 5)

ROUND

Calculates the closest integer.

Syntax	ROUND(value)
Parameters	value color, int, float, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: number to compute
Returns	the same type as parameter
Examples	# Returns 1.0 ROUND(0.8) # Returns 2.0 ROUND(1.5) # Returns 0.0 ROUND(0.1)

SQRT (square root)

Calculates the square root of a number. The square root value of a number is always positive.

Syntax	SQRT(n)
Parameters	n int, float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: number to compute
Returns	the same type as parameter, except for int it returns float
Examples	# Returns 5.0 SQRT(25)

Trigonometric functions

ACOS (inverse cosine)

Calculates the inverse cosine of a value.

Syntax	ACOS(value)
Parameters	value int, float: number in the range -1 .. 1 to compute
Returns	float: angle in degrees
Examples	# Returns 60.0 ACOS(0.5)

ASIN (inverse sine)

Calculates the inverse sine of a value.

Syntax	ASIN(value)
Parameters	value int, float: number in the range -1 .. 1 to compute
Returns	float: angle in degrees
Examples	# Returns 30.0 ASIN(0.5)

ATAN (inverse tangent)

Calculates the inverse tangent of a value.

Syntax	ATAN(value)
Parameters	value int, float: number to compute
Returns	float: angle in degrees
Examples	# Returns 45.0 ATAN(1)

ATAN2 (two-argument inverse tangent)

Calculates the inverse tangent of two numbers.

Syntax	ATAN2(value1, value2)
Parameters	value1 int, float: the first number to compute value2 int, float: the second number to compute
Returns	float: angle in degrees
Examples	# Returns 26.565050 ATAN2(1, 2)

COS (cosine)

Calculates the cosine of an angle.

Syntax	COS(value)
Parameters	value int, float: angle in degrees
Returns	float in the range -1..1
Examples	# Returns 0.866025 COS(30)

SIN (sine)

Calculates the sine of an angle.

Syntax	SIN(value)
Parameters	value int, float: angle in degrees
Returns	float in the range -1..1
Examples	# Returns 0.5 SIN(30)

SINC (sine cardinal)

Calculates the unnormalized sine cardinal of an angle.

Syntax	SINC(value)
Parameters	value int, float: angle in degrees
Returns	float: 1.0 if value equals 0 Otherwise SIN(valueRad)/valueRad, where valueRad is value converted to radians
Examples	# Returns 0.636620 SINC(90)

TAN (tangent)

Calculates the tangent of an angle.

Syntax	TAN(value)
Parameters	value int, float: angle in degrees
Returns	float
Examples	# Returns 0.577350 TAN(30)

Interpolation functions

LINEARSTEP

Performs linear interpolation between two values. LINEARSTEP returns the same value as CLAMP(0, 1, (value - low) / (high - low)).

Syntax	LINEARSTEP(low, high, value)
Parameters	low float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: the lower end of the linear function high the same type as low: the higher end of the linear function value float or the same type as low and high: the value to constrain
Returns	The same type as the low and high parameters. For example, for float: 0.0 if value is less than or equals low 1.0 if value is greater than or equals high Otherwise (value - low) / (high - low)
Examples	# Returns 0.0 LINEARSTEP(1, 4, 0.5) # Returns 0.64 (7/11) LINEARSTEP(-3, 8, 4.0) # Returns Vector2(0.625, 0.75) LINEARSTEP(Vector2(0.0, 0.2), Vector2(0.8, 0.6), 0.5)

MIX

Performs a linear interpolation between two values using a value to weight between them. Kanzi computes the result using this function: value1 * (1 - weight) + value2 * weight.

Syntax	MIX(value1, value2, weight)
Parameters	value1 float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: the first of the two values between which to interpolate value2 the same type as value1: the second of the two values between which to interpolate weight float or the same type as value1 and value2: the value used to interpolate between value1 and value2
Returns	the same type as the value1 and value2 parameters
Examples	# Returns 2.5 MIX(1, 4, 0.5) # Returns Vector2(0.4, 0.4) MIX(Vector2(0.0, 0.2), Vector2(0.8, 0.6), 0.5) # Returns a color property value that is the result of the linear # interpolation between the values of the Diffuse Color property # of the Sphere and Box nodes. The expression uses the Value # property of the Slider node to set the weight. MIX({#Sphere/Diffuse}, {#Box/Diffuse}, {#Slider/RangeConcept.Value})

SMOOTHSTEP

Performs a smooth Hermite interpolation between low and high values using the value to weight between them, when low < value < high.

SMOOTHSTEP returns the same value as:

t = CLAMP((value - low) / (high - low), 0.0, 1.0)
t * t * (3.0 - 2.0 * t)

Use smoothstep interpolation when you want a threshold function with a smooth transition.

See SMOOTHERSTEP.

Syntax	SMOOTHSTEP(low, high, value)
Parameters	low float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: the lower end of the Hermite function high the same type as low: the higher end of the Hermite function value float or the same type as low and high: the value used to weight between low and high
Returns	the same type as the low and high parameters
Examples	# Returns 0.104 SMOOTHSTEP(0, 1, 0.2) # Returns Vector2(0.683594, 0.843750) SMOOTHSTEP(Vector2(0.0, 0.2), Vector2(0.8, 0.6), 0.5)

SMOOTHERSTEP

Performs a sigmoidal Hermite interpolation between low and high values using the value to weight between them, when low < value < high.

SMOOTHERSTEP returns the same value as:

t = CLAMP((value - low) / (high - low), 0.0, 1.0)
t * t * t * (t * (t * 6.0 - 15.0) + 10.0)

Use smootherstep interpolation when you want a threshold function with a smooth transition.

See SMOOTHSTEP.

Syntax	SMOOTHERSTEP(value)
Parameters	low float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: the lower end of the smootherstep function high the same type as low: the higher end of the smootherstep function value float or the same type as low and high: the value used to weight between low and high
Returns	the same type as the low and high parameters
Examples	# Returns 0.05792 SMOOTHERSTEP(0, 1, 0.2) # Returns Vector2(0.724792, 0.896484) SMOOTHERSTEP(Vector2(0.0, 0.2), Vector2(0.8, 0.6), 0.5)

STEP

Compares a value to a threshold.

Syntax	STEP(threshold, value)
Parameters	threshold float, color, Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: threshold to compare against value float or the same type as threshold: number to compute: the value to compare against the threshold
Returns	The same type as threshold. For example, for float: 0.0 if the value is lower than the threshold 1.0 if the value equals or is greater than the threshold
Examples	# Returns 1.0 STEP(2, 5) # Returns 0.0 STEP(0.0, -0.1) # Returns 1.0 STEP(1.0, 1.0)

Vector functions

CROSS (vector product)

Calculates the vector product of two Vector3 values.

Syntax	CROSS(vector1, vector2)
Parameters	vector1 Vector3 vector2 Vector3
Returns	Vector3
Examples	# Returns Vector3(0, -3, 3) CROSS(Vector3(1, 0, 0), Vector3(3, 3, 3))

DOT (scalar product)

Calculates the scalar product of two vectors of the same length.

Syntax	DOT(vector1, vector2)
Parameters	vector1 Vector2, Vector3, Vector4 vector2 Vector2, Vector3, Vector4
Returns	float
Examples	# Returns 18.0 DOT(Vector3(2, 2, 2), Vector3(3, 3, 3))

Matrix and transformation functions

CreateRotation

Creates rotation in either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property using the quaternion data type. The quaternion data type is used for rotation property fields. See CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	CreateRotation(x, y, z)
Parameters	x int or float: the rotation on the X axis in degrees y int or float: the rotation on the Y axis in degrees z int or float: the rotation on the Z axis in degrees
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node: # - 45 degrees clockwise on the X axis # - 35 degrees clockwise on the Y axis # - 30 degrees clockwise on the Z axis CreateRotation(-45, -35, -30)

CreateRotationX

Creates rotation in the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property on the X axis using quaternion data type. The quaternion data type is used for rotation property fields. See CreateRotation, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	CreateRotationX(x)
Parameters	x int or float: the rotation on the X axis in degrees
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node 55 degrees clockwise on the X axis. CreateRotationX(-55)

CreateRotationY

Creates rotation in the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property on the Y axis using quaternion data type. The quaternion data type is used only for rotation property fields. See CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationZ, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	CreateRotationY(y)
Parameters	y int or float: the rotation on the Y axis in degrees
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node 55 degrees clockwise on the Y axis. CreateRotationY(-55)

CreateRotationZ

Creates rotation in the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property on the Z axis using quaternion data type. The quaternion data type is used only for rotation property fields. See CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	CreateRotationZ(z)
Parameters	z int or float: the rotation on the Z axis in degrees
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node 55 degrees counterclockwise on the Z axis. CreateRotationZ(55)

ExtractEulerX

Extracts the X Euler angle from the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation properties. You can use ExtractEulerX for rotation property fields. ExtractEulerX takes a quaternion data type value as a parameter and returns float data. When you set an angle in an SRT3D property, the angle is stored in quaternion data type. Because the ExtractEulerX function extracts the angle from the quaternion, the returned Euler angle is not the same as the angle originally set in the SRT3D property. Both angles define the same rotation. See ExtractEulerY, ExtractEulerZ, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	ExtractEulerX(rotationField)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property
Returns	float
Examples	# Extracts the X Euler angle from a rotation property field # of the Layout Transformation property. ExtractEulerX({@./Node3D.LayoutTransformation}.Rotation) # Extracts the X Euler angle from the rotation property field # of the Layout Transformation property and binds the value # of the X Euler angle to the Rotation Y property field. a = ExtractEulerX({@./Node3D.LayoutTransformation}.Rotation) CreateRotation(0, a, 0)

ExtractEulerY

Extracts the Y Euler angle from the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation properties. You can use ExtractEulerY for rotation property fields. ExtractEulerY takes a quaternion data type value as a parameter and returns float data.

When you set an angle in an SRT3D property, the angle is stored in quaternion data type. Because the ExtractEulerX function extracts the angle from the quaternion, the returned Euler angle is not the same as the angle originally set in the SRT3D property. Both angles define the same rotation.

See ExtractEulerX, ExtractEulerZ, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	ExtractEulerY(rotationField)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property
Returns	float
Examples	# Extracts the Y Euler angle from a rotation property field # of the Layout Transformation property. ExtractEulerY({@./Node3D.LayoutTransformation}.Rotation)

ExtractEulerZ

Extracts the Z Euler angle from the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation properties. You can use ExtractEulerZ for rotation property fields. ExtractEulerZ takes a quaternion data type value as a parameter and returns float data.

When you set an angle in an SRT3D property, the angle is stored in quaternion data type. Because the ExtractEulerX function extracts the angle from the quaternion, the returned Euler angle is not the same as the angle originally set in the SRT3D property. Both angles define the same rotation.

See ExtractEulerX, ExtractEulerY, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ.

Syntax	ExtractEulerZ(rotationField)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property
Returns	float
Examples	# Extracts the Z Euler angle from a rotation property field # of the Layout Transformation property. ExtractEulerZ({@./Node3D.LayoutTransformation}.Rotation)

ExtractSRT2D

Extracts a 2D transformation from a 3x3 matrix.

Syntax	ExtractSRT2D(matrix3)
Parameters	matrix3 Matrix3
Returns	Srt2D
Examples	# Returns a 2D transformation with the Translation X and # Translation Y property fields set to 100: # Srt2D(1, 1, 0, 100, 100). ExtractSRT2D(Matrix3(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 100, 100, 1))

ExtractSRT3D

Extracts a 3D transformation from a 4x4 matrix.

Syntax	ExtractSRT3D(matrix4)
Parameters	matrix4 Matrix4
Returns	Srt3D
Examples	# Returns a 3D transformation with the Rotation X # property field set to 90, and the Translation X and # Translation Y property fields set to 2: # Srt3D(1, 1, 1, 90, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0). ExtractSRT3D(Matrix4(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 0, 1))

INVERSE

Calculates the inverse matrix of a matrix or SRT, or the inverse of a quaternion. The quaternion data type is used for the rotation property fields of Layout Transformation and Render Transformation properties.

Syntax	INVERSE(value)
Parameters	value Matrix3, Matrix4, quaternion, Srt2D, Srt3D
Returns	for Matrix3 and Srt2D returns Matrix3 for Matrix4 and Srt3D returns Matrix4 for quaternion returns quaternion
Examples	# Returns Matrix3(0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0) INVERSE(Srt2D(2, 2, 0, 0, 0)) # Returns the inverse matrix of the Render Transformation rotation of # the Box node. INVERSE({@../Box/Node3D.RenderTransformation}.Rotation)

Rotate

Creates whole SRT3D rotation property fields. You can use the SRT3D data type with the Layout Transformation and the Render Transformation properties. See RotateX, RotateY, RotateZ, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, GetCurrentValue.

Syntax	Rotate(rotationField, value)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property value Vector3
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node: # - 45 degrees counterclockwise on the X axis # - 35 degrees clockwise on the Y axis # - 30 degrees clockwise on the Z axis Rotate(GetCurrentValue().Rotation, Vector3(45, -35, -30))

RotateX

Creates whole SRT3D rotation property fields on the X axis. You can use the SRT3D data type with the Layout Transformation and the Render Transformation properties. See Rotate, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, GetCurrentValue.

Syntax	RotateX(rotationField, value)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property value int, or float
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node 45 degrees clockwise on the X axis. RotateX(GetCurrentValue().Rotation, -45)

RotateY

Creates whole SRT3D rotation property fields on the Y axis. You can use the SRT3D data type with the Layout Transformation and the Render Transformation properties. See Rotate, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, GetCurrentValue.

Syntax	RotateY(rotationField, value)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property value int, or float
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node 45 degrees clockwise on the Y axis. RotateY(GetCurrentValue().Rotation, -45)

RotateZ

Creates whole SRT3D rotation property fields on the Z axis. You can use the SRT3D data type with the Layout Transformation and the Render Transformation properties. See Rotate, CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, GetCurrentValue.

Syntax	RotateZ(rotationField, value)
Parameters	rotationField rotation property field of either the Layout Transformation or the Render Transformation property value int, or float
Returns	quaternion
Examples	# Rotates the bound node 45 degrees counterclockwise on the Z axis. RotateZ(GetCurrentValue().Rotation, 45)

TRANSFORM

Uses matrix or SRT to transform a vector.

Syntax	TRANSFORM(matrix, vector)
Parameters	matrix Matrix3: transforms Vector2, Vector3 Matrix4: transforms Vector3, Vector4 Srt2D: transforms Vector2, Vector3 Srt3D: transforms Vector3, Vector4 vector Vector2, Vector3, Vector4: the vector to transform
Returns	the same type as the vector parameter
Examples	# Returns Vector3(3.0, -2.0, 2.0) myMatrix = Matrix4(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1) TRANSFORM(myMatrix, Vector3(2, 2, 2)) # Returns the transformation of Vector2(2, 2) by the Render Transformation property # of the node. TRANSFORM({@./Node2D.RenderTransformation}, Vector2(2, 2)) # You can bind the 3D transformation of a node to this binding expression. value = GetCurrentValue() transform = TRANSFORM(rt, Vector3(2, 2, 2)) value.TranslationX = transform.VectorX value.TranslationY = transform.VectorY value.TranslationZ = transform.VectorZ value For example, the transform of Vector2 by Srt2D follows this equation: \[\begin{split}TRANSFORM(Srt2D(ScaleX, ScaleY, Rotation, TranslationX, TranslationY), Vector2(VectorX, VectorY)) = \begin{pmatrix} ScaleX * (COS(Rotation) * VectorX - SIN(Rotation) * VectorY) + TranslationX\\ ScaleY * (SIN(Rotation) * VectorX + COS(Rotation) * VectorY) + TranslationY \end{pmatrix}\end{split}\] This is the matrix representation of the equation: \[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} ScaleX * COS(Rotation) & -ScaleY * SIN(Rotation) & TranslationX\\ ScaleY * SIN(Rotation) & ScaleY * COS(Rotation) & TranslationY \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} * \begin{bmatrix} VectorX\\ VectorY\\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

TRANSPOSE

Calculates the transpose of a matrix.

Syntax	TRANSPOSE(value)
Parameters	value Matrix3, Matrix4
Returns	the same type as the input parameter
Examples	# Returns Matrix3(1, 4, 7, 2, 5, 8, 3, 6, 9) TRANSPOSE(Matrix3(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

Color functions

LinearTosRGB

Converts a value from linear color space to sRGB color space. This function does not convert the alpha channel of a color value.

For example, use this function in a uniform binding in a material type whose shader expects sRGB color.

Syntax	LinearTosRGB(value)
Parameters	value color, float, Vector3
Returns	the same type as the input parameter
Examples	# Converts the value of the Diffuse Color property from linear color space to # sRGB color space. # When you bind in a material type a color uniform to this binding expression, # Kanzi writes the color value to the render state and uses it as the value of # the color uniform when rendering the nodes that use the material type. LinearTosRGB({./Diffuse})

PremultiplyColor

Multiplies the values of the RGB channels in a color by the value of the alpha channel:

Color4(color.r * color.a, color.g * color.a, color.b * color.a, color.a)

Syntax	PremultiplyColor(value)
Parameters	value color, Vector4
Returns	the same type as the input parameter
Examples	# Premultiplies the color that you bind to this binding expression. PremultiplyColor(GetCurrentValue())

sRGBToLinear

Converts a value from sRGB color space to linear color space. This function does not convert the alpha channel of a color value.

For example, use this function to convert a value to linear color space before assigning the value to the red, green, or blue channel of a color property.

Syntax	sRGBToLinear(value)
Parameters	value color, float, Vector3
Returns	the same type as the input parameter
Examples	# Returns the RGBA color (0, 192, 64, 255). # This expression is equivalent to Color4(0, 0.75, 0.25, 1). color = Color4(0, 0, 0, 1) color.g = sRGBToLinear(0.75) color.b = sRGBToLinear(0.25) color # Converts the value of custom property MyFloatPropertyType to linear color space # and assigns the value to the red channel of a color property. color = GetCurrentValue() color.r = sRGBToLinear({@./MyFloatPropertyType}) color # Converts the value of the Ambient Color property from sRGB color space to # linear color space. # When you bind in a material type a color uniform to this binding expression, # Kanzi writes the color value to the render state and uses it as the value of # the color uniform when rendering the nodes that use the material type. sRGBToLinear(GetAmbient())

Range functions

A range property type stores a collection of values. Use ranges in bindings to:

• Read individual values from ranges.

• Manipulate multiple values at the same time.

• Write multiple values to array outputs.

createView

Creates a view over a range. The view refers to the values of the input range but its length is limited.

You can create multiple views for the same range. When you iterate the view, the iteration refers to locations in the input range.

See Light uniform bindings.

Syntax	createView<OutputSize>(range) createView(range, length) createView<constantLength>(range)
Parameters	range range: input range length int: variable or constant value that sets the maximum number of elements in the returned view constantLength int: constant value that sets the maximum number of elements in the returned view
Returns	a range that refers to the values of the input range, but whose length is limited to the minimum of the length of the input range and the length parameter.
Examples	# This is the default PointLightColor uniform binding in a material type that uses # lights. The binding creates a view over the range of Point Light nodes in the scene # and accesses the Point Light Color property of each Point Light node in that view. # The length of the view is determined by the number of Point Light nodes supported # by the material type. pointLightsView = createView<OutputSize>({##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.PointLights}) {pointLightsView ... PointLightColor} # Modify the default PointLightColor uniform binding in a material type that uses # lights. Set the length of the view over the range of Point Light nodes to the value # of the MyLengthProperty set in a node that uses the material type that has this # binding. # This binding uses the createView(range, length) syntax where length can be # a variable or constant value. length = {./MyLengthProperty} pointLightsView = createView({##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.PointLights}, length) {pointLightsView ... PointLightColor} # Modify the default PointLightColor uniform binding in a material type that uses # lights. Set the length of the view over the range of Point Light nodes to 2. # This binding uses the createView<constantLength>(range) syntax where constantLength # is a constant value. pointLightsView = createView<2>({##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.PointLights}) {pointLightsView ... PointLightColor}

evaluate

Converts a range iterator to an evaluation of that range. Use this function to step through a collection of values stored in a range property.

The evaluate function advances the range iterator and returns the location in the range iterator before the advance.

For locations in the range iterator the evaluate function does not modify the iterator, but returns the next iteration location.

Use the splitString function to create a range iterator to evaluate.

Syntax	evaluate(range)
Parameters	range range: input range
Returns	range: evaluation of the input range
Examples	# Returns "two". myRange = splitString("one,two,three", ",") evaluate(myRange) STRING(evaluate(myRange)) # Sets the 2D Render Transformation property Translation property fields # to the values that the user enters in the Text Box 2D node. # For example, "100, 50" sets the Render Transformation property: # - Translation X property field to 100 # - Translation Y property field to 50 renderTransformation = GetCurrentValue() stringRange = splitString({@../Text Box 2D/TextConcept.Text}, ",") renderTransformation.X = FLOAT(stringRange) evaluate(stringRange) renderTransformation.Y = FLOAT(stringRange) renderTransformation # This example is equivalent to the previous example. renderTransformation = GetCurrentValue() stringRange = splitString({@../Text Box 2D/TextConcept.Text}, ",") x = evaluate(stringRange) y = evaluate(stringRange) renderTransformation.X = FLOAT(x) renderTransformation.Y = FLOAT(y) renderTransformation

splitString

Splits a text string into a collection of substrings and returns that collection as a range iterator that you can use to step through the collection of substrings. Use the evaluate function to return the substrings one at a time.

See Using bindings to split text into parts.

Syntax	splitString(string, delimiter)
Parameters	string string: input string delimiter string: separator to use to split the string
Returns	Range
Examples	# Returns "two". myRange = splitString("one,two,three", ",") evaluate(myRange) STRING(evaluate(myRange)) # Returns "three". myRange = splitString("one, two, three", ", ") evaluate(myRange) evaluate(myRange) STRING(myRange)

Uniform binding functions

In a material type vertex and fragment shaders define the uniforms and property types that you can use in that material. When rendering 3D nodes with a specific material type, uniform bindings allow Kanzi to write values to the render state and use those values for uniforms and property types.

See Shader uniforms and Uniform bindings.

To reduce memory consumption and improve performance, Kanzi provides binding functions for the most common uniforms. Kanzi executes every frame all bindings that use these functions.

GetAmbient

Gets the value of the Ambient Color property.

Syntax	GetAmbient()
Returns	Color: the value of the Ambient Color property

GetCameraPosition

Gets the camera location in world coordinates.

Syntax	GetCameraPosition()
Returns	Vector 3D: the camera location in world coordinates

GetCameraWorldMatrix

Gets the premultiplied matrix kzCameraMatrix * kzWorldMatrix, where:

• kzCameraMatrix transforms a point from world (global) space to view (camera) space.

• kzWorldMatrix transforms a point from local space to world (global) space. See GetWorldMatrix.

Syntax	GetCameraWorldMatrix()
Returns	Matrix 4x4: the premultiplied matrix kzCameraMatrix * kzWorldMatrix

GetNormalMatrix

Gets the matrix to transform object normals to world coordinates.

Syntax	GetNormalMatrix()
Returns	Matrix 4x4: the matrix to transform object normals to world coordinates

GetProjectionCameraWorldMatrix

Gets the premultiplied matrix kzProjectionMatrix * kzCameraMatrix * kzWorldMatrix, where:

• kzProjectionMatrix transforms a point from view space to screen space.

• kzCameraMatrix transforms a point from world (global) space to view (camera) space.

• kzWorldMatrix transforms a point from local space to world (global) space. See GetWorldMatrix.

Syntax	GetProjectionCameraWorldMatrix()
Returns	Matrix 4x4: the premultiplied matrix kzProjectionMatrix * kzCameraMatrix * kzWorldMatrix

GetViewPosition

Gets the homogeneous position vector kzViewPosition that you can use to calculate the view direction as kzWorldMatrix * vec4(kzPosition.xyz, 1.0) * kzViewPosition.w - kzViewPosition.xyz, where:

• kzWorldMatrix transforms a point from local space to world (global) space. See GetWorldMatrix.

• kzViewPosition.w determines whether the vector is a position in space (w==1) or a direction (w==0).

Syntax	GetViewPosition()
Returns	Vector 4D: the homogeneous position vector kzWorldMatrix * vec4(kzPosition.xyz, 1.0) * kzViewPosition.w - kzViewPosition.xyz

GetWorldMatrix

Gets the transformation matrix to transform from local coordinates to world (global) coordinates.

Syntax	GetWorldMatrix()
Returns	Matrix 4x4: the transformation matrix to transform from local coordinates to world (global) coordinates

Common binding expressions

Variables

In binding expressions you can use variables.

# Assigns the value 1 to the variable 'A', and binds the value of
# the variable to the selected property.
A = 1

# Same as above, but using an alternative syntax.
A = (1)

Property bindings

To bind a property to another property, enter in curly braces the relative path to the node which contains the property to which you want to bind, followed by a forward slash and the name of the source property.

Tip

When you use the @ sign in a binding expression before the path to a node, Kanzi Studio:

• Checks whether the path is valid and shows an error message in the Binding Editor if the path is not valid.

• Updates the path in the binding expression whenever the location between the source and the target nodes in the node tree changes.

With the @ sign you can create bindings only within the same prefab, not between prefabs.

You can drag property names from the Properties to the Binding Editor.

You can use the operators and parentheses with property values and property field values.

Syntax	{[path]/[property]}
Parameters	[path] relative path to node [property] name of the property
Examples	# Binds to the Layout Width property of the current node. {@./LayoutWidth} # Binds to the FOV property of the Camera node. {@../Camera/Fov} # Same as above, but Kanzi Studio does not track the location of the target node. {../Camera/Fov} # Binds to the Vertical Margin property of the Box node. {@../Box/LayoutVerticalMargin} # Multiplies the FOV property with the Layout Transformation Scale x # property field. {@../Camera/Fov} * {../Box/LayoutTransformation}.ScaleX # Binds each vector of a property to the Render Transformation property # Translation X and Translation Y property fields of the current node. # In the Binding Editor set the Target Property to a property that uses the # Vector2D data type. For example, use the Horizontal Margin property. X = {@./Node3D.RenderTransformation}.TranslationX Y = {@./Node3D.RenderTransformation}.TranslationY myVector = Vector2(0.0, 0.0) myVector.VectorX = X myVector.VectorY = Y myVector

Property field bindings

To bind a property to a property field of property, enter in curly braces the relative path to the node, followed by a forward slash and property name, followed by a period and the name of a property field.

To bind a property field of a property to another property field of that property in the same node, use the GetCurrentValue() function to get the value of that property. See GetCurrentValue.

For property fields that are not common, instead of the property field name use N or VectorN, where N is X, Y, Z, or W denoting the order in which the property is listed in the Properties. You can use the operators and parentheses with property values and property field values.

When you want to bind a property to a property field, use these names in the binding expression.

Description	Property field label	Property field names
Color property red color channel value	R	ColorR, R, r
Color property green color channel value	G	ColorG, G, g
Color property blue color channel value	B	ColorB, B, b
Color property alpha channel value	A	ColorA, A, a
Value of the 3D node rotation around the X, Y, and Z axes which you set using rotation functions. See CreateRotation, CreateRotationX, CreateRotationY, CreateRotationZ, Rotate, RotateX, RotateY, and RotateZ.	Rotation	Rotation
Value of the 2D node rotation around the Z axis	Rotation R	RotationZ
Value of the node scale along the X axis	Scale X	ScaleX
Value of the node scale along the Y axis	Scale Y	ScaleY
Value of the node scale along the Z axis	Scale Z	ScaleZ
Value of the node location along the X axis	Translation X	TranslationX, X, x
Value of the node location along the Y axis	Translation Y	TranslationY, Y, y
Value of the node location along the Z axis	Translation Z	TranslationZ, Z, z
The first property field of a property	X	VectorX, X, x
The second property field of a property	Y	VectorY, Y, y
The third property field of a property	Z	VectorZ, Z, z
The fourth property field of a property	W	VectorW, W, w

Syntax	{[path]/[property]}.[field]
Parameters	[path] relative path to node [property] name of the property [field] name of the property field
Examples	# Binds to the Layout Transformation property Scale X property field # of the Box node. {../Box/LayoutTransformation}.ScaleX # Binds to the Point Light Color property R property field # (value of the red color channel) of the Point Light node. {../Point Light/PointLightColor}.R # Assigns custom property MyFloatPropertyType to the red channel of a color # property. The sRGBToLinear function converts the value from sRGB color space # to linear color space before assigning it to the color property field. color = GetCurrentValue() color.r = sRGBToLinear({@./MyFloatPropertyType}) color # Point Light and Spot Light nodes have an attenuation property that # has three property fields: Constant, Linear, and Quadratic. # For example, for the Point Light Attenuation: # To bind to the first property field (Constant) {../Light/PointLightAttenuation}.VectorX # To bind to the second property field (Linear) {../Light/PointLightAttenuation}.VectorY # To bind to the third property field (Quadratic) {../Light/PointLightAttenuation}.VectorZ # Multiply property FOV with Render Transformation property Scale X # property field. {../Camera/Fov} * {../Box/RenderTransformation}.ScaleX # Binds to the Vertical Margin property Bottom property field of the Image node. {@../Image/Node.VerticalMargin}.VectorX # Binds to the Vertical Margin property Top property field of the Image node. {@../Image/Node.VerticalMargin}.VectorY # Binds each vector of a property to the Render Transformation property # Translation X and Translation Y property fields of the current node. # In the Binding Editor set the Target Property to a property that uses the # Vector2D data type. For example, use the Horizontal Margin property. X = {@./Node3D.RenderTransformation}.TranslationX Y = {@./Node3D.RenderTransformation}.TranslationY myVector = Vector2(0.0, 0.0) myVector.VectorX = X myVector.VectorY = Y myVector

Prefab root bindings

A node prefab or a render pass prefab can contain a tree of nodes or render passes, each with their own properties. When you edit the nodes or render passes in a prefab or any of its instances, you change those nodes or render passes in all instances of that prefab. However, you can customize individual instances of the prefab to have individual values by overriding the values in the default prefab. For example, when you create a prefab for an address book entry, you want to show a different name, number, and photo for each address book entry.

To bind a property of any node or render pass in a prefab to a property in the root of an instance of that prefab, in the binding expression enter in curly braces ##Template, followed by a forward slash and the name of the property in the root of the prefab instance to which you want to bind.

For example, use the ##Template binding syntax when you have a Text Block node in a Button prefab and you want to show different text in different instances of that prefab.

Tip

You can let Kanzi Studio create a prefab root binding for you. When you select any node in a prefab or any render pass in a render pass prefab, and in the Properties click next to a property, Kanzi Studio:

1. Creates from that property a custom property.

2. Adds the custom property to the prefab and shows the custom property as a frequently used property in each instance of the prefab.

3. Creates in the node or render pass the ##Template binding to the custom property in the prefab root.

See Customizing instances of prefabs.

Syntax	{##Template/[property]}
Parameters	[property] name of the property in the root of the prefab instance to which you want to bind
Examples	# Binds to the MyProject.ContactNameText property in the root of the prefab # instance. {##Template/MyProject.ContactNameText}

Alias bindings

To bind a property to an alias, enter in curly braces the # sign followed by the alias name, followed by a forward slash and property name of the item to which the alias points. See Using aliases.

Syntax	{#[aliasName]/[property]}
Parameters	[aliasName] name of the alias [property] name of the property
Examples	# Binds to the Layout Width property of the target node of the alias named Sphere. {#Sphere/LayoutWidth} # Multiplies the FOV property of the target node of the alias named MainCamera # with the Render Transformation property Scale X property field. {#MainCamera/Fov} * {../Box/RenderTransformation}.ScaleX

Data source bindings

To bind a data object to a property or a property field, enter in curly braces DataContext followed by a period, followed by the data object to which you want to bind the property or property field. Use a period to access child data objects.

Syntax	{DataContext.DataObject}
Parameters	DataObject The data object to which you want to bind.
Examples	# Binds the property value of the item to the speed data object # which is a child data object of the gauges data object # in the data context of the item. {DataContext.gauges.speed} # Binds the data context itself. For example, use this if you want to # use the current data context as the property value. {DataContext}

Grid Layout bindings

To set the size of columns and rows in a Grid Layout node using bindings, enter in quotation marks each value followed by a semicolon:

• Use a floating point number to specify that the size of a row or a column is fixed. This is the same as when you set the value of the Columns or Rows property in the Properties to Fixed and define the size of this column or row.

• Add an asterisk prefix to specify that the size of a row or a column is proportional. This is the same as when you set the value of the Columns or Rows property in the Properties to Proportional and define the proportion of the Grid Layout this column or row takes.

• Leave the definition empty to specify that the Grid Layout node automatically sets the size of a row or a column. This is the same as when you set the value of the Columns or Rows property in the Properties to Automatic.

Syntax	"value0;value1; ... valueN;"
Parameters	value float
Examples	# This binding to the Columns property sets the width of each of the three columns # to a fixed size: # - The width of the first column is 2.0. # - The width of the second column is 3.0. # - The width of the third column is 4.0. "2.0;3.0;4.0;" # This binding to the Rows property sets the height of each of the three rows # to the fixed size 5.0. "5.0;5.0;5.0;" # This binding to the Rows property sets the height of the two rows to the height # of their content. ";;" # This binding to the Columns property sets the width of the columns in relation # to the total width of the Grid Layout node: # - The width of the first column is 1/6 of the width of the Grid Layout node. # - The width of the second column is 2/6 of the width of the Grid Layout node. # - The width of the third column is 3/6 of the width of the Grid Layout node. "*1.0;*2.0;*3.0;"

Material type binding expressions

Temporary variables in material type bindings

To refer in a material type binding expression to the result of a temporary variable binding in the same material type, enter in curly braces ##Self, followed by a forward slash and the name of the target property of the temporary variable binding. The ##Self syntax refers to the render value of the property used by the render passes that draw nodes using the material type.

See Material type bindings.

Syntax	{##Self/[temporaryVariableProperty]}
Parameters	[temporaryVariableProperty] name of the temporary variable property to which you want to bind
Examples	# Binds to the MyProject.MyProperty property that is the target property # of a temporary variable binding in the same material type. {##Self/MyProject.MyProperty} # This binding to a color property returns the color value obtained from the # result of a temporary variable binding that targets the MyColorRange range # property. colors = splitString(STRING({##Self/MyColorRange}), " ") color = Color4(0,0,0,1) color.r = FLOAT(STRING(evaluate(colors))) color.g = FLOAT(STRING(evaluate(colors))) color.b = FLOAT(STRING(evaluate(colors))) color

Render pass properties in material type bindings

To refer in a material type binding expression to a property in a render pass that draws nodes using the material type, enter in curly braces ##RenderPass, followed by a forward slash and the name of the property in the render pass to which you want to bind.

See Material type bindings.

Syntax	{##RenderPass/[property]}
Parameters	[property] name of the property in a render pass to which you want to bind
Examples	# Binds to the MyProperty property in a render pass that draws nodes using the # material type that has this binding. {##RenderPass/MyProperty} # This binding to a Matrix 4x4 property returns the inverse matrix of the product # of the Calculated Projection Matrix and Calculated Camera Matrix properties in # the Draw Objects Render Pass that draws nodes using the material type that has # this binding. INVERSE({##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.ProjectionMatrix} * {##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.CameraMatrix}) # This binding to a temporary variable property uses the evaluate binding function # to step through a collection of values stored in the MyColorRange range property # in the Draw Objects Render Pass that draws nodes using the material type that has # this binding. The binding modifies the state of the range iterator in the render # pass. evaluate({##RenderPass/MyColorRange})

Light uniform bindings

In a material type vertex and fragment shaders define the uniforms and property types that you can use in that material. When rendering 3D nodes with a specific material type, uniform bindings allow Kanzi to write values to the render state and use those values for uniforms and property types.

See Using material types and Rendering.

Light property types, such as DirectionalLightColor, SpotLightPosition, and PointLightAttenuation, support uniform arrays. This enables you to use multiple lights of the same type. See Uniform arrays for light property types.

A uniform binding for a light property type sets the uniform values in a render state based on the values extracted from lights that use that property type. For example, a uniform binding for the PointLightColor property type sets the render value based on the individual values of the Point Light Color property in all Point Light nodes in the scene that light those 3D nodes that use the material type which has the binding.

To get the range that contains the value of a property in each light node of a specific type, in the binding expression enter in curly braces ##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.[lightType], followed by ellipsis and the name of the property in the light nodes.

To perform accumulation operations on a range of lights use the ... operator followed by an arithmetic operator.

See createView.

Syntax	{##RenderPass/[lightType] ... property}
Parameters	lightType light node type: DirectionalLights, PointLights, or SpotLights property name of the property
Examples	# This binding adds in each Point Light node the value 0.5 to the value of # the Point Light Attenuation property Constant property field. pointLightsView = createView<OutputSize>({##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.PointLights}) {pointLightsView ... PointLightAttenuation} + Vector3(0.5, 0.0, 0.0) # This binding to a light color uniform halves the value of the Directional # Light Color property in each Directional Light node. directionalLightsView = createView<OutputSize>({##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.DirectionalLights}) {directionalLightsView ... DirectionalLightColor} * 0.5 # This binding to a light color uniform multiplies in each Directional Light node # the value of the Directional Light Color property by the value of the Opacity # property and returns the result range. rangeA = {##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.DirectionalLights ... DirectionalLightColor} rangeB = {##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.DirectionalLights ... Node.Opacity} rangeA * rangeB # Get the range that contains the value of the Point Light Color property in each # Point Light node. rangeA = {##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.PointLights ... PointLightColor} # Get the range that contains the value of the Opacity property in each # Point Light node. rangeB = {##RenderPass/DrawObjectsRenderPass.PointLights ... Node.Opacity} # Multiply the value of the Opacity property in each Point Light node. totalOpacity = ...* rangeB # For each Point Light node multiply the value of the Point Light Color property # by the multiplied opacity. rangeA * totalOpacity

See also

Using bindings

Using aliases

Troubleshooting bindings